What is the history of Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, known as myeloid cells. CML is a relatively rare form of leukemia, accounting for about 10-15% of all cases of adult leukemia.

The history of CML dates back to the early 19th century when it was first described by a Scottish physician named John Hughes Bennett in 1845. He observed an enlargement of the spleen and an increase in white blood cells in the blood of his patients. However, it wasn't until the 1960s that the underlying genetic abnormality responsible for CML was discovered.

In 1960, two researchers, Peter Nowell and David Hungerford, independently identified an abnormal chromosome in the cells of CML patients. This chromosome, later named the Philadelphia chromosome, was found to be present in almost all cases of CML. The discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome was a major breakthrough in understanding the genetic basis of CML.

In the following decades, scientists focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind the development of CML. They discovered that the Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation leads to the fusion of two genes, BCR (on chromosome 22) and ABL1 (on chromosome 9), creating a new fusion gene called BCR-ABL1.

The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene produces a protein with abnormal tyrosine kinase activity, which plays a crucial role in the uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells. This discovery paved the way for the development of targeted therapies specifically designed to inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL1 protein.

In 2001, a breakthrough in the treatment of CML occurred with the approval of imatinib (Gleevec) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the BCR-ABL1 protein. It revolutionized the treatment of CML, providing a highly effective and well-tolerated therapy.

Since then, several other tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed and approved for the treatment of CML, including dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib. These drugs have further improved the outcomes for CML patients, with high rates of complete cytogenetic response and overall survival.

Despite the significant progress in treatment, CML remains a chronic disease that requires long-term management. Patients are typically treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for life to keep the disease under control. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be considered as a curative option for selected patients.

Research in CML continues to advance our understanding of the disease and improve treatment options. Ongoing studies aim to develop new therapies, identify biomarkers for personalized treatment, and explore strategies for treatment-free remission.

In conclusion, the history of CML spans over a century, from its initial description in the 19th century to the discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome and the development of targeted therapies. The identification of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene and the subsequent development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of CML, significantly improving patient outcomes. However, ongoing research is essential to further enhance our understanding and management of this complex disease.