Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare kidney disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate water balance. Unlike diabetes mellitus, NDI is not related to blood sugar control. It is characterized by excessive thirst and urination, similar to diabetes, but the underlying cause is different.
In NDI, the kidneys are unable to respond to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin. ADH normally helps the kidneys reabsorb water, reducing urine production. However, in NDI, the kidneys do not properly respond to ADH, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.
NDI can be either acquired or inherited. Acquired NDI can result from certain medications, chronic kidney disease, or electrolyte imbalances. Inherited NDI is caused by genetic mutations that affect the function of the kidney tubules.
Common symptoms of NDI include excessive thirst, frequent urination, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment options focus on managing symptoms and preventing complications, such as ensuring adequate fluid intake and using medications to enhance the kidney's response to ADH.