Which are the causes of Rabies?

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of mammals, including humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal. The virus responsible for rabies belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family and the genus Lyssavirus. Understanding the causes of rabies is crucial in preventing its spread and protecting public health.

1. Animal Transmission: The most common cause of rabies is the bite of an infected animal. Wild animals such as bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes are known carriers of the virus. Domestic animals like dogs, cats, and livestock can also contract and transmit rabies if they come into contact with infected wildlife. The virus is present in the saliva of infected animals, and when they bite or scratch, the virus can enter the body of the victim.

2. Saliva Contact: Rabies can also be transmitted if infected saliva comes into contact with mucous membranes or open wounds. For example, if an infected animal licks an open wound or mucous membranes like the eyes, nose, or mouth of a person, the virus can enter the body. However, transmission through saliva contact alone is relatively rare compared to bites.

3. Organ Transplants and Blood Transfusions: Although rare, rabies can be transmitted through organ transplants or blood transfusions from an infected donor. Stringent screening procedures are in place to minimize this risk, but it is still considered a potential cause of rabies transmission.

4. Mother-to-Child Transmission: In extremely rare cases, a pregnant woman infected with rabies can transmit the virus to her unborn child. This type of transmission is known as vertical transmission and is exceptionally uncommon.

5. Inhalation of Aerosolized Virus: While extremely rare, there have been a few reported cases of rabies transmission through inhalation of aerosolized virus particles in laboratory settings. This type of transmission is not a significant concern in natural settings.

It is important to note that rabies is not spread through casual contact with infected individuals. It does not spread through touching, petting, or being near someone with rabies. The virus must enter the body through a bite, scratch, or contact with infected saliva or tissues.

Preventing rabies primarily involves vaccinating animals against the virus, especially domestic pets. Vaccination programs help control the spread of rabies by reducing the number of infected animals. Additionally, avoiding contact with wild or stray animals, especially those displaying unusual behavior, is crucial in preventing transmission to humans. In case of potential exposure, immediate medical attention should be sought, as timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the onset of rabies symptoms.