Which are the symptoms of Smallpox?

Symptoms of Smallpox

Smallpox is a highly contagious and potentially deadly viral disease that has plagued humanity for centuries. Caused by the variola virus, smallpox has been eradicated globally through an extensive vaccination campaign, but it is important to understand its symptoms for historical and educational purposes.

Incubation Period: After exposure to the virus, the incubation period for smallpox is typically around 7 to 17 days. During this time, the infected person does not experience any symptoms.

Initial Symptoms: The initial symptoms of smallpox are similar to those of many other viral illnesses, making it difficult to diagnose in the early stages. These symptoms include:

• Fever


• Headache


• Malaise (general feeling of discomfort)


• Severe fatigue


• Body aches

Rash Development: After a few days, the initial symptoms subside, and a rash begins to develop. This rash is a hallmark characteristic of smallpox and helps differentiate it from other diseases. The rash typically progresses through different stages:

• Macules: Flat, red spots appear on the face, hands, and forearms. These spots are small and firm to the touch.


• Papules: The macules evolve into raised bumps called papules. These papules are filled with a thick, opaque fluid.


• Vesicles: The papules then transform into fluid-filled vesicles, which are larger and more pronounced.


• Pustules: The vesicles eventually become pustules, characterized by a central depression or dimple. The fluid inside the pustules becomes cloudy and pus-filled.


• Scabs: Over time, the pustules dry out and form scabs, which eventually fall off, leaving pitted scars on the skin.

Other Symptoms: In addition to the rash, smallpox can cause several other symptoms:

• Severe Back Pain: Many smallpox patients experience intense back pain, which can be debilitating.


• High Fever: The fever associated with smallpox can reach high temperatures, often exceeding 101°F (38.3°C).


• Delirium: In severe cases, smallpox can lead to delirium, confusion, and even coma.


• Secondary Infections: The open sores caused by smallpox can become infected with bacteria, leading to additional complications.

Transmission: Smallpox spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets, making it highly contagious. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects.

Conclusion: Smallpox is a devastating disease that has caused significant suffering throughout history. Recognizing the symptoms of smallpox is crucial for early detection and containment, although it is important to note that the disease has been eradicated worldwide. Vaccination played a vital role in eliminating smallpox, and today, routine immunization protects against this deadly virus.