Which are the causes of Narcolepsy?

Causes of Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. While the exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.

Genetic Factors

Genetics is considered to be one of the primary causes of narcolepsy. Studies have shown that individuals with certain genetic markers are more susceptible to developing the disorder. The most significant genetic factor associated with narcolepsy is the presence of a specific variation in the HLA-DQB1 gene, known as the DQB1*06:02 allele. This gene is involved in the immune system's response and is found in a majority of narcolepsy cases.

Autoimmune Response

Another important factor in the development of narcolepsy is an autoimmune response. It is believed that in individuals with a genetic predisposition, an autoimmune reaction occurs where the immune system mistakenly attacks certain cells in the brain that regulate sleep. This immune response leads to a deficiency in a neurotransmitter called hypocretin (also known as orexin), which plays a crucial role in promoting wakefulness.

Environmental Triggers

While genetics and autoimmune factors are significant, environmental triggers may also contribute to the development of narcolepsy. Some potential triggers include:

• Infections: Certain infections, such as streptococcal infections or the H1N1 flu, have been linked to an increased risk of narcolepsy. It is believed that these infections may trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible individuals.


• Exposure to toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides or chemicals, may increase the risk of developing narcolepsy. However, more research is needed to establish a definitive link.


• Head trauma: In some cases, head injuries or trauma to the brain have been associated with the onset of narcolepsy. The exact mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood.


• Stress: While stress does not directly cause narcolepsy, it can exacerbate symptoms in individuals who already have the disorder. Stressful life events or chronic stress may trigger or worsen narcolepsy symptoms.

Other Factors

There are a few other factors that may contribute to the development of narcolepsy:

• Hormonal changes: Some studies suggest that hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty or menopause, may influence the onset of narcolepsy.


• Family history: Having a family member with narcolepsy increases the likelihood of developing the disorder, indicating a possible genetic component.


• Age: Narcolepsy often begins during adolescence or young adulthood, although it can develop at any age.

It is important to note that while these factors are associated with narcolepsy, not everyone with these risk factors will develop the disorder. Narcolepsy is a complex condition, and further research is needed to fully understand its causes and mechanisms.