Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. It is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting infections in the body. AML can occur in people of all ages, but it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults.
The exact cause of AML is not fully understood, but several factors have been identified that may contribute to its development. These include:
1. Genetic mutations: AML often arises from genetic mutations that occur in the DNA of blood-forming cells. These mutations can disrupt the normal growth and development of these cells, leading to the overproduction of immature and abnormal white blood cells. Some of the genetic mutations commonly associated with AML include FLT3, NPM1, and DNMT3A.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors has been linked to an increased risk of developing AML. These factors include exposure to high levels of radiation, such as from atomic bomb explosions or radiation therapy for other cancers. Chemical exposure, such as benzene (found in gasoline, tobacco smoke, and some industrial settings), has also been associated with an increased risk of AML.
3. Previous cancer treatments: Certain cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can increase the risk of developing AML. This is known as therapy-related AML and typically occurs several years after the initial treatment. The risk is higher in individuals who have received high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or those who have undergone multiple rounds of treatment.
4. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): MDS are a group of disorders characterized by abnormal production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Some individuals with MDS may progress to develop AML. The exact relationship between MDS and AML is not fully understood, but it is believed that certain genetic mutations and abnormalities in the bone marrow microenvironment play a role.
5. Inherited genetic syndromes: In rare cases, AML can be caused by inherited genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome. These syndromes are associated with an increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including AML.
It is important to note that while these factors may increase the risk of developing AML, not everyone with these risk factors will develop the disease. Similarly, some individuals without any known risk factors may still develop AML. The development of AML is likely to be influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and other factors that are not yet fully understood.