Which are the symptoms of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma (ACC)?

Symptoms of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma (ACC)

Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal glands. These glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions. ACC typically presents with symptoms related to excess hormone production or due to the mass effect of the tumor on adjacent organs.

Hormone-related symptoms:

Cushing's syndrome: One of the most common presentations of ACC is the overproduction of cortisol hormone, leading to Cushing's syndrome. Symptoms may include weight gain, particularly in the face and upper body, thinning of the arms and legs, easy bruising, stretch marks, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and mood changes.

Feminization or masculinization: In some cases, ACC can produce excess amounts of sex hormones, leading to feminization (in males) or masculinization (in females). This may cause changes in body appearance, voice deepening, breast enlargement (in males), facial hair growth (in females), and irregular menstrual periods.

Precocious puberty: Rarely, ACC can cause early puberty in children, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics at an abnormally young age.

Mass effect symptoms:

Abdominal pain: ACC tumors can grow large and cause localized pain or discomfort in the abdomen. The pain may be persistent or intermittent.

Abdominal mass: A palpable mass or swelling in the abdomen may be felt, especially in advanced stages of ACC.

Back pain: If the tumor grows large enough, it can press against the surrounding structures, including the spine, leading to back pain.

Unexplained weight loss: As the tumor grows and progresses, it can cause a loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss.

Generalized weakness and fatigue: ACC can cause a general feeling of weakness and fatigue, which may be attributed to the body's response to the cancer or hormone imbalances.

Other symptoms:

High blood pressure: Some individuals with ACC may experience elevated blood pressure levels due to excess hormone production or the tumor's effect on the adrenal glands.

Irregular menstrual periods: In females, ACC can disrupt the normal menstrual cycle, leading to irregular or absent periods.

Depression and anxiety: The physical and emotional impact of ACC can contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety in affected individuals.

It is important to note that the symptoms of ACC can vary depending on the stage of the cancer, the size and location of the tumor, and the specific hormones being overproduced. Additionally, some individuals with ACC may not experience any noticeable symptoms until the cancer has reached an advanced stage. Therefore, it is crucial to seek medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise or if there is a family history of adrenal cancer.