Which are the causes of Anencephaly?

Anencephaly is a severe birth defect that affects the development of the brain and skull in unborn babies. It occurs when the neural tube, which forms the baby's brain and spinal cord, fails to close during early pregnancy. As a result, the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull.

The exact causes of anencephaly are not fully understood, but several factors have been identified as potential contributors:

1. Genetic Factors: Certain genetic mutations or variations may increase the risk of anencephaly. Studies have shown that changes in specific genes involved in neural tube development can play a role in the occurrence of this condition. However, the majority of anencephaly cases do not have a clear genetic cause.



2. Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors before and during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of anencephaly. These factors include insufficient intake of folic acid, a B vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects. Women who do not consume enough folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy are at a higher risk of having a baby with anencephaly. Other environmental factors that may contribute to the development of anencephaly include maternal obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and the use of certain medications.



3. Maternal Factors: The health and lifestyle choices of the mother can also influence the risk of anencephaly. Maternal obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been associated with an increased likelihood of having a baby with this condition. Additionally, the use of certain medications, such as antiepileptic drugs, during pregnancy may elevate the risk.



4. Multifactorial Causes: Anencephaly is often considered a multifactorial condition, meaning that both genetic and environmental factors interact to contribute to its development. The interplay between various genetic and environmental factors can determine an individual's susceptibility to anencephaly.

It is important to note that anencephaly is a rare condition, affecting only a small percentage of pregnancies. Most cases occur sporadically, without any family history of the condition. However, if a couple has previously had a child with anencephaly or other neural tube defects, the risk of recurrence in future pregnancies may be higher.

In conclusion, while the exact causes of anencephaly are not fully known, a combination of genetic and environmental factors likely contribute to its occurrence. Genetic mutations, insufficient folic acid intake, maternal health conditions, and certain medications may all play a role in the development of this severe birth defect.