Which are the causes of Ataxia?

Causes of Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological condition characterized by a lack of muscle coordination, leading to unsteady movements and difficulties with balance. It can affect various parts of the body, including the limbs, speech, and eye movements. Ataxia can be caused by a wide range of factors, including genetic mutations, acquired conditions, and environmental factors. Understanding the underlying causes of ataxia is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of the condition.

Genetic Causes

Many cases of ataxia are caused by genetic mutations that affect the normal functioning of the nervous system. These mutations can be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously. There are several types of genetic ataxias, including:

• Friedreich's ataxia: This is the most common form of hereditary ataxia, caused by a mutation in the frataxin gene. It typically manifests in childhood or adolescence and progressively worsens over time.


• Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs): SCAs are a group of genetic disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord. There are multiple subtypes of SCAs, each caused by a different genetic mutation.


• Ataxia-telangiectasia: This rare genetic disorder affects multiple systems in the body, including the nervous and immune systems. It is caused by mutations in the ATM gene.

Acquired Causes

Ataxia can also be acquired later in life due to various factors. These acquired causes may include:

• Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, leading to damage in specific areas responsible for coordination and balance. Ataxia can be a consequence of stroke, particularly when it affects the cerebellum or brainstem.


• Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain can interfere with the normal functioning of the cerebellum or other areas involved in coordination, leading to ataxia.


• Multiple sclerosis (MS): MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It can cause inflammation and damage to the nerves responsible for muscle coordination, resulting in ataxia.


• Head trauma: Severe head injuries, such as those sustained in car accidents or falls, can damage the brain and disrupt the normal functioning of the cerebellum, leading to ataxia.


• Alcohol abuse: Chronic alcohol abuse can cause a specific type of ataxia known as alcoholic cerebellar ataxia. Prolonged alcohol consumption damages the cerebellum, resulting in coordination difficulties.

Environmental Causes

Some cases of ataxia can be triggered or exacerbated by environmental factors, including:

• Toxic exposure: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury) or industrial chemicals, can damage the nervous system and lead to ataxia.


• Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in certain vitamins, particularly vitamin E and B12, can cause ataxia. These vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the nervous system.


• Medication side effects: Some medications, such as certain anticonvulsants or sedatives, can have ataxia as a side effect. It is important to discuss any new symptoms with a healthcare provider to determine if they are related to medication use.

It is important to note that ataxia can have various causes, and a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause in each individual case. Genetic testing, imaging studies, and neurological examinations are often used to aid in diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment strategies.