Which are the causes of Bejel / Endemic Syphilis?

Bejel, also known as endemic syphilis, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum. It primarily affects populations in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The transmission of Bejel occurs through direct contact with infected individuals, typically during childhood.

Poor hygiene and living conditions play a significant role in the spread of Bejel. In areas where access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare is limited, the risk of infection increases. Crowded living conditions, lack of proper sanitation facilities, and inadequate personal hygiene practices contribute to the transmission of the disease.

Close contact with infected individuals is another major cause of Bejel. The bacterium can be transmitted through direct contact with open sores, skin lesions, or mucous membranes of an infected person. This can occur through activities such as sharing utensils, kissing, or sexual contact.

Malnutrition and weakened immune systems make individuals more susceptible to Bejel. In regions where malnutrition is prevalent, the immune system becomes compromised, making it easier for the bacteria to establish an infection. Malnutrition weakens the body's defenses, making it harder to fight off the disease.

Poor access to healthcare and limited awareness contribute to the persistence of Bejel. In many affected regions, healthcare services are scarce, and there is limited awareness about the disease. This leads to delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment, allowing the infection to spread within communities.

Lack of effective control measures also contributes to the prevalence of Bejel. Inadequate resources, infrastructure, and healthcare systems hinder the implementation of effective control measures. This includes screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention programs that could help reduce the transmission and impact of the disease.

Preventive measures such as improved hygiene practices, access to clean water, and proper sanitation facilities are crucial in reducing the incidence of Bejel. Health education programs that raise awareness about the disease, its transmission, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment are also essential.

In conclusion, Bejel or endemic syphilis is caused by poor hygiene and living conditions, close contact with infected individuals, malnutrition, weakened immune systems, limited access to healthcare, and inadequate control measures. Addressing these underlying causes and implementing preventive measures are key to reducing the burden of Bejel in affected populations.