Which are the symptoms of 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome?

Symptoms of 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome

22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome or simply DiGeorge syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. This syndrome can affect various systems in the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms and medical conditions. The severity and specific symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, even among individuals with the same genetic mutation. However, there are several common symptoms associated with this syndrome.

Cardiac Abnormalities

One of the most significant features of 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome is congenital heart defects. These defects can include abnormalities in the structure of the heart, such as ventricular septal defects (VSD), tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, and others. These cardiac issues can range from mild to severe and may require surgical intervention to correct or manage.

Immune System Problems

Individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome often have immune system abnormalities, which can lead to frequent infections. The immune system may not function properly, making affected individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections, autoimmune disorders, and other immune-related conditions. This can result in recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, and other respiratory complications.

Facial and Craniofacial Features

Some individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome may exhibit distinct facial features. These can include a small chin, low-set ears, a cleft palate, a broad nose, and hooded eyelids. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with this syndrome will have these facial characteristics, and their presence can vary widely.

Developmental Delays

Developmental delays are common in individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome. These delays can affect various aspects of development, including motor skills, speech and language acquisition, and cognitive abilities. Children may experience delays in reaching developmental milestones such as sitting, crawling, walking, and talking. Early intervention and appropriate therapies can help individuals with this syndrome overcome these delays to some extent.

Learning Difficulties

Learning difficulties are often observed in individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome. These can range from mild to severe and may include intellectual disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disabilities such as dyslexia. Educational support and specialized interventions can help individuals with these challenges reach their full potential.

Psychiatric and Behavioral Issues

Psychiatric and behavioral issues are common in individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome. Anxiety disorders, depression, attention deficits, and autism spectrum disorders are frequently seen. These mental health conditions can significantly impact the quality of life for affected individuals and may require appropriate therapies and medications for management.

Other Possible Symptoms

In addition to the aforementioned symptoms, individuals with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome may experience other medical conditions and features. These can include feeding difficulties in infancy, gastrointestinal abnormalities, kidney problems, hearing loss, skeletal abnormalities, and hormonal imbalances. The presence and severity of these additional symptoms can vary widely among individuals.

It is important to note that while these symptoms are commonly associated with 22q11 DiGeorge Syndrome, not all individuals will exhibit every symptom, and the severity can vary greatly. Additionally, some symptoms may not become apparent until later in life, making diagnosis and management challenging. Early identification, comprehensive medical evaluations, and ongoing multidisciplinary care are crucial for individuals with this syndrome to optimize their health and well-being.