Erythema multiforme (EM) is a skin condition characterized by the development of distinctive skin lesions. It is typically an acute, self-limiting disorder that can affect people of all ages. The symptoms of erythema multiforme can vary in severity and presentation, but they generally involve the skin and mucous membranes.
The hallmark symptom of erythema multiforme is the presence of skin lesions. These lesions typically appear as round or oval patches with a reddish or purplish color. The center of the lesion may be raised and have a target-like appearance, with concentric rings of different colors. This characteristic target lesion is known as "iris" or "bull's eye" lesion. The skin lesions can be found on the extremities, trunk, face, and palms.
In addition to skin involvement, erythema multiforme can also affect the mucous membranes, particularly those of the mouth, lips, eyes, and genital area. Mucosal involvement is more common in severe cases of EM and can cause discomfort and pain. The mucous membranes may appear red, swollen, and blistered. In severe cases, the blisters may rupture, leading to the formation of painful ulcers.
Many individuals with erythema multiforme may experience flu-like symptoms before the onset of skin lesions. These symptoms can include fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and sore throat. These systemic symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own within a few days.
Some individuals with erythema multiforme may experience itching and a burning sensation in the affected areas. This can cause discomfort and may worsen with exposure to heat or friction.
In rare cases, erythema multiforme can be associated with joint pain and swelling. This symptom, known as erythema multiforme-associated arthritis, typically affects the larger joints such as the knees, ankles, and wrists. The joint pain is usually self-limiting and resolves along with the skin lesions.
In severe cases of erythema multiforme, the eyes may be affected, leading to symptoms such as redness, swelling, tearing, and sensitivity to light. This condition is known as erythema multiforme-associated ocular involvement and requires prompt medical attention.
If you suspect that you or someone you know may have erythema multiforme, it is important to seek medical evaluation for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. While the symptoms of erythema multiforme can be distressing, the condition is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few weeks. Treatment may involve symptomatic relief, such as pain management and topical creams to soothe the skin. In severe cases or cases with recurrent episodes, further medical intervention may be necessary.