Which are the symptoms of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)?

Symptoms of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a rare autoimmune disease that primarily affects the blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, lungs, and kidneys. It is characterized by inflammation and the formation of granulomas, which are small clusters of immune cells.

GPA can present with a wide range of symptoms, and the severity and combination of symptoms can vary from person to person. The disease typically progresses in three stages: the upper respiratory tract, the lungs, and the kidneys. Here are some of the most common symptoms associated with each stage:

Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms:

• Nasal congestion and sinus pain: Many individuals with GPA experience chronic sinusitis, which can cause nasal congestion, facial pain, and pressure.


• Nosebleeds: Frequent nosebleeds, sometimes severe, are a common symptom of GPA. They may be spontaneous or occur after minor trauma.


• Ear problems: Some individuals may experience ear pain, hearing loss, or inflammation of the middle ear.


• Ulcers: Painful sores or ulcers may develop in the nose, mouth, or throat.

Lung Symptoms:

• Cough: A persistent cough, often with bloody or purulent sputum, is a common symptom of GPA. It may be accompanied by chest pain.


• Shortness of breath: As the disease progresses, lung involvement can lead to difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity.


• Wheezing: Some individuals may experience wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing.


• Fever and fatigue: Many people with GPA experience systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss.

Kidney Symptoms:

• Glomerulonephritis: GPA can cause inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. This can lead to kidney damage and impaired kidney function.


• Blood in urine: Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is a common symptom of kidney involvement in GPA.


• Proteinuria: The kidneys may also leak protein into the urine, resulting in proteinuria.


• Decreased urine output: In advanced cases, kidney damage can lead to decreased urine production.

It is important to note that GPA can also affect other organs and systems, such as the skin, eyes, joints, and nervous system. Symptoms related to these organs may include skin rashes, eye redness or pain, joint pain and swelling, and neurological symptoms like numbness, tingling, or weakness.

If you experience any persistent or concerning symptoms, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and appropriate management of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA).