Which are the causes of Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis?

Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis (ISS) refers to the narrowing of the airway in the subglottic region, which is the area just below the vocal cords. It is called idiopathic because the exact cause of this condition is unknown. While the specific cause of ISS remains elusive, there are several factors that have been identified as potential contributors to the development of this condition.

Hormonal factors: Some studies suggest that hormonal imbalances may play a role in the development of ISS. It has been observed that women are more commonly affected by this condition, particularly those in their reproductive years. This has led researchers to investigate the potential influence of hormones, such as estrogen, on the development of subglottic stenosis.

Autoimmune disorders: There is evidence to suggest that ISS may have an autoimmune component. Autoimmune disorders occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. In the case of ISS, it is possible that the immune system targets the subglottic region, leading to inflammation and subsequent scarring, which results in narrowing of the airway.

Genetic predisposition: While the exact genetic factors involved in ISS are not yet fully understood, there is evidence to suggest that certain individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing this condition. Studies have shown that ISS can occur in families, indicating a potential genetic link. Further research is needed to identify the specific genes involved and understand their role in the development of ISS.

Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors may also contribute to the development of ISS. For example, individuals who have a history of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke may be at an increased risk. Other potential environmental factors that have been suggested include air pollution, chemical irritants, and respiratory infections.

Chronic inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the subglottic region may lead to the development of ISS. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including repeated trauma to the area, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or chronic respiratory infections. Over time, the inflammation can result in scarring and narrowing of the airway.

It is important to note that while these factors have been associated with ISS, the exact cause of this condition remains unknown. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and identify effective treatment strategies.