Which are the causes of Infectious arthritis / Septic arthritis?

Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, is a condition characterized by joint inflammation caused by an infection. It occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms enter the joint space, leading to an inflammatory response. The infection can originate from various sources and can affect people of all ages, including children and adults.

The causes of infectious arthritis can be categorized into:

1. Bacterial Infections: Bacteria are the most common cause of infectious arthritis. The bacteria can enter the joint through direct penetration, spread from nearby infections, or through the bloodstream. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species are the most frequently implicated bacteria. In some cases, sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea can also lead to septic arthritis.



2. Viral Infections: Certain viruses can cause infectious arthritis, although they are less common than bacterial causes. Viral arthritis is often associated with systemic viral infections, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or parvovirus B19. These viruses can directly invade the joint or trigger an immune response leading to joint inflammation.



3. Fungal Infections: Fungal arthritis is relatively rare but can occur in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or individuals on immunosuppressive medications. Fungal infections usually develop in people who have had direct contact with contaminated soil or have undergone invasive procedures.



4. Joint Injuries or Surgeries: Trauma to a joint or previous joint surgery can increase the risk of developing infectious arthritis. The introduction of bacteria during the injury or surgery can lead to an infection in the joint space.



5. Spread from Nearby Infections: Infections in nearby tissues, such as skin or bone, can spread to the joint space and cause septic arthritis. For example, an untreated skin infection or an osteomyelitis (bone infection) can extend into the joint.



6. Medical Procedures: Certain medical procedures, such as joint injections or invasive diagnostic tests, can introduce bacteria into the joint space, leading to infection. It is crucial to maintain strict sterile techniques during these procedures to minimize the risk of infectious arthritis.

Early recognition and prompt treatment of infectious arthritis are essential to prevent joint damage and complications. The condition often presents with symptoms such as joint pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limited range of motion. If you suspect infectious arthritis, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and appropriate management, which may include antibiotics, drainage of the infected joint, and supportive care.