Which are the causes of Keratoconus?

Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder that affects the shape and structure of the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. It is characterized by the thinning and bulging of the cornea, leading to a cone-like shape instead of the normal dome shape. This abnormality can cause significant visual impairment, including blurred and distorted vision.

The exact causes of keratoconus are not yet fully understood, but several factors have been identified as potential contributors to its development:

1. Genetics: Family history plays a significant role in the development of keratoconus. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it themselves. Certain genetic mutations and variations may make the cornea more susceptible to weakening and thinning.



2. Enzyme imbalances: Some researchers believe that imbalances in certain enzymes within the cornea may contribute to the development of keratoconus. These enzymes are responsible for maintaining the strength and integrity of the corneal tissue. When these enzymes are not functioning properly, it can lead to corneal thinning and weakening.



3. Chronic eye rubbing: Excessive and repetitive eye rubbing, particularly when done forcefully, can put mechanical stress on the cornea. This constant rubbing may weaken the corneal tissue and contribute to the development of keratoconus. Individuals with allergies or certain eye conditions that cause itching are more prone to rubbing their eyes frequently.



4. Connective tissue disorders: Some connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome, have been associated with an increased risk of keratoconus. These conditions affect the body's ability to produce strong and stable collagen, which is an essential component of the cornea.



5. Chronic eye irritation and inflammation: Prolonged and untreated eye irritation or inflammation can potentially contribute to the development of keratoconus. Conditions like chronic eye allergies, dry eye syndrome, and certain autoimmune disorders can cause ongoing inflammation in the cornea, leading to its weakening over time.



6. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty and pregnancy, have been suggested as potential triggers for keratoconus. Fluctuations in hormone levels may affect the cornea's structure and contribute to its progressive thinning.



7. Environmental factors: Some environmental factors have been linked to an increased risk of keratoconus. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, especially without proper eye protection, has been associated with a higher prevalence of the condition. Additionally, chronic eye irritation caused by living in a dusty or polluted environment may also play a role.

It is important to note that while these factors have been identified as potential causes or contributors to keratoconus, the condition can still develop without any known risk factors. The interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers is complex and not yet fully understood.

If you suspect you may have keratoconus or are experiencing any vision problems, it is crucial to consult with an eye care professional for a comprehensive examination and appropriate management.