Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves, leading to vision loss. It is typically inherited maternally and affects males more frequently than females. LHON is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA, which are responsible for producing energy in the cells.
The onset of LHON usually occurs in young adulthood, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. The condition often starts with one eye, followed by the other eye within weeks or months. Symptoms include sudden, painless vision loss, color vision impairment, and central vision decline.
While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, it is believed that the mutations in mitochondrial DNA disrupt the normal functioning of the optic nerve cells, leading to their degeneration. Certain triggers, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, may increase the risk of developing LHON in individuals carrying the genetic mutations.
Currently, there is no cure for LHON, but some treatment options may help slow down the progression of vision loss. These include the use of certain vitamins and antioxidants, as well as avoiding smoking and alcohol. Genetic counseling and testing are essential for individuals with a family history of LHON to assess the risk of passing on the condition to future generations.