Which are the causes of Menetrier Disease?

Menetrier disease, also known as giant hypertrophic gastritis, is a rare gastrointestinal disorder that primarily affects the stomach. The exact cause of Menetrier disease is not fully understood, but several factors have been identified as potential contributors to its development.

1. Infection: Some studies suggest that Menetrier disease may be associated with certain infections, particularly with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. These infections can trigger an abnormal immune response, leading to the development of Menetrier disease.

2. Genetic Factors: Genetic predisposition may play a role in the development of Menetrier disease. Although it is not considered a hereditary condition, some cases have been reported in families, indicating a potential genetic component. Further research is needed to identify specific genes or mutations associated with the disease.

3. Abnormal Protein Production: Menetrier disease is characterized by an overproduction of a protein called transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). TGF-α is normally involved in regulating cell growth and division. In Menetrier disease, excessive TGF-α production leads to an enlargement of the gastric mucosa and a decrease in acid-producing cells.

4. Autoimmune Response: It is believed that Menetrier disease may involve an autoimmune component, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach lining. This autoimmune response can lead to chronic inflammation and the characteristic changes seen in Menetrier disease.

5. Environmental Factors: Certain environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or chemicals, may contribute to the development of Menetrier disease. However, the specific agents or triggers have not been identified conclusively.

Menetrier disease predominantly affects adults, with males being more commonly affected than females. The condition is often associated with symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and protein loss in the urine. If left untreated, Menetrier disease can lead to complications such as malnutrition, anemia, and an increased risk of stomach cancer.

Diagnosis of Menetrier disease involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options aim to manage symptoms and may include medications to reduce stomach acid production, nutritional support, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the affected portion of the stomach.

While the causes of Menetrier disease are not fully understood, ongoing research is shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Understanding the factors contributing to the development of Menetrier disease is crucial for improving diagnosis, treatment, and potentially finding preventive measures in the future.