Which are the symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?

Symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can occur as a side effect of certain medications used to treat mental health disorders. It is important to recognize the symptoms of NMS as early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.

1. Hyperthermia: One of the hallmark symptoms of NMS is a significant increase in body temperature, often exceeding 38°C (100.4°F). This fever is typically accompanied by profuse sweating.

2. Muscle rigidity: NMS causes severe muscle stiffness and rigidity, which can lead to difficulty in movement and even muscle breakdown. This rigidity is often described as "lead-pipe" or "cogwheel" rigidity.

3. Autonomic dysfunction: Individuals with NMS may experience autonomic dysfunction, which can manifest as fluctuations in blood pressure, irregular heart rate, and changes in respiratory rate. These symptoms can be potentially life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

4. Altered mental status: NMS can cause changes in mental status, ranging from confusion and disorientation to agitation and even coma. These cognitive changes are often accompanied by other neurological symptoms.

5. Tremors: Some individuals with NMS may experience tremors or involuntary muscle movements, particularly in the limbs or face. These tremors can be mild to severe and may worsen with time.

6. Diaphoresis: Excessive sweating, also known as diaphoresis, is a common symptom of NMS. This sweating is often profuse and unrelated to external temperature or physical exertion.

7. Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing, known as dysphagia, can occur in individuals with NMS. This can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and aspiration pneumonia if not managed promptly.

8. Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels: NMS can cause muscle breakdown, leading to increased levels of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. Elevated CK levels can be detected through blood tests and are indicative of muscle damage.

9. Other symptoms: In addition to the above, individuals with NMS may experience other symptoms such as urinary incontinence, changes in bowel movements, and altered sweating patterns.

If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms after starting or adjusting medication, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention. NMS is a medical emergency, and prompt intervention can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.