Which are the causes of Omphalitis of Newborn?

Omphalitis of newborn, also known as neonatal omphalitis, is a serious infection that affects the umbilical stump of a newborn baby. It occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms enter the umbilical cord stump, leading to inflammation and infection. Omphalitis can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The causes of omphalitis in newborns can vary, but the most common ones include:

1. Bacterial infection: The primary cause of omphalitis is bacterial infection. The umbilical stump, which is left behind after the umbilical cord is cut, provides an entry point for bacteria to enter the baby's body. The most common bacteria responsible for omphalitis are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These bacteria can be present on the skin, in the environment, or even in the birth canal during delivery.

2. Poor hygiene: Inadequate hygiene practices during and after delivery can increase the risk of omphalitis. If the umbilical cord is not properly cleaned and disinfected, it becomes susceptible to bacterial colonization and infection. Additionally, using contaminated instruments or unsterilized equipment during delivery can introduce bacteria into the umbilical stump.

3. Delayed cord clamping: Delayed cord clamping, a practice where the umbilical cord is not clamped immediately after birth, has been associated with an increased risk of omphalitis. This delay in clamping allows more time for bacteria to enter the baby's body through the umbilical stump.

4. Premature birth: Premature infants are more vulnerable to infections, including omphalitis. Their immune systems are not fully developed, making them more susceptible to bacterial colonization and infection.

5. Maternal risk factors: Certain maternal risk factors can contribute to the development of omphalitis in newborns. These include maternal infections, such as urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections, which can be transmitted to the baby during delivery. Maternal conditions that compromise the immune system, such as diabetes or HIV, can also increase the risk of omphalitis.

6. Prolonged rupture of membranes: When the amniotic sac ruptures before the onset of labor and the rupture persists for an extended period, it is known as prolonged rupture of membranes. This condition increases the risk of bacterial colonization in the birth canal, which can then be transmitted to the baby during delivery.

7. Low birth weight: Babies with low birth weight are more susceptible to infections, including omphalitis. Their underdeveloped immune systems and fragile skin make them more prone to bacterial invasion through the umbilical stump.

Omphalitis of newborn requires immediate medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, such as sepsis, abscess formation, or even death. It is crucial for healthcare providers and parents to be vigilant about proper hygiene practices and to seek medical care at the first sign of infection.