Which are the causes of Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome?

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by involuntary eye movements (opsoclonus) and muscle jerks (myoclonus). The exact cause of OMS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a result of an autoimmune response triggered by an underlying infection or tumor.

Infections: OMS often occurs following a viral or bacterial infection. The most commonly associated infections include respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold or flu, as well as gastrointestinal infections. The immune system, in response to the infection, may mistakenly attack the brain and nervous system, leading to the development of OMS.

Tumors: In some cases, OMS can be associated with an underlying tumor, most commonly a neuroblastoma. Neuroblastomas are tumors that develop from nerve tissue and typically occur in children. The tumor cells may trigger an immune response, leading to the development of OMS. It is important to note that not all individuals with OMS have an underlying tumor.

Autoimmune response: OMS is considered to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body. In OMS, the immune system targets specific areas of the brain and nervous system, disrupting their normal functioning. The exact mechanisms behind this autoimmune response are still being studied.

Genetic factors: While the majority of OMS cases are sporadic and not inherited, there may be a genetic predisposition to developing the condition. Certain genetic variations or mutations may increase the risk of developing OMS when exposed to certain triggers, such as infections or tumors. However, more research is needed to fully understand the genetic factors involved.

Environmental factors: Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain toxins or chemicals, have also been suggested as potential triggers for OMS. However, the specific environmental factors and their role in the development of OMS are not yet well-defined.

Other underlying conditions: In some cases, OMS may be associated with other underlying conditions, such as autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, multiple sclerosis), paraneoplastic syndromes (immune responses triggered by cancer), or certain genetic disorders. These conditions may contribute to the development or exacerbation of OMS symptoms.

It is important to note that while these factors are associated with OMS, the exact cause can vary from person to person. OMS is a complex disorder, and further research is needed to fully understand its underlying causes and mechanisms.