Options to halt the progression of AVN include core decompression, osteotomy and medical treatments. Results associated with these options have been disappointing, with up to 40 percent of patients progressing to total hip arthroplasty.
Despite the challenges in bone tissue engineering being very frustrating, there remains tremendous optimism concerning the potential to replace damaged and degenerated structures and tissue. The integration of multiple disciplines, such as cell biology, molecular biology, biomechanics science, immunology, structure engineering science, computer science, three-dimensional printing technology, and translational science, may accelerate bone tissue engineering development and product translation. These advances might improve bone healing by alternative approaches in surgery and facilitate the prognosis of ONFH.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214031X15000698#sec5