Which are the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

Symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects a small percentage of menstruating individuals. PMDD is characterized by intense physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the week or two before the onset of menstruation and significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. It is important to note that PMDD is a distinct medical condition and not simply a heightened version of PMS.

Physical Symptoms

PMDD can manifest with a variety of physical symptoms, which may include:

• Breast tenderness: Many individuals with PMDD experience breast tenderness or swelling, which can cause discomfort.


• Joint or muscle pain: Some individuals may experience joint or muscle pain, which can range from mild to severe.


• Headaches: Frequent headaches or migraines are common symptoms of PMDD.


• Bloating: Abdominal bloating and weight gain are often reported by individuals with PMDD.


• Fatigue: Feeling excessively tired or lacking energy is a common symptom of PMDD.


• Sleep disturbances: Insomnia or excessive sleepiness can occur during the premenstrual phase.


• Appetite changes: Some individuals may experience increased food cravings or changes in appetite.

Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms

PMDD is primarily characterized by significant emotional and behavioral changes. These symptoms can be severe and interfere with daily activities and relationships. Common emotional and behavioral symptoms of PMDD include:

• Depression: Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness are common in individuals with PMDD.


• Anxiety: Excessive worry, tension, and feelings of unease are often experienced during the premenstrual phase.


• Irritability and anger: Increased irritability, anger outbursts, and conflicts with others are hallmark symptoms of PMDD.


• Mood swings: Rapid and extreme shifts in mood, ranging from tearfulness to irritability, are common in PMDD.


• Difficulty concentrating: Many individuals with PMDD experience difficulties with focus, memory, and concentration.


• Decreased interest in activities: Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities can occur during the premenstrual phase.


• Feeling overwhelmed or out of control: Some individuals may feel overwhelmed by emotions or have a sense of losing control.


• Social withdrawal: Avoiding social interactions and isolating oneself from others is a common behavioral symptom of PMDD.

Timing and Diagnosis

PMDD symptoms typically occur in the week or two before menstruation and improve within a few days after the onset of the menstrual flow. To be diagnosed with PMDD, these symptoms must significantly interfere with daily life and be present for most menstrual cycles in the past year.

It is important to differentiate PMDD from other conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, or other hormonal imbalances. Keeping a symptom diary can help track the timing and severity of symptoms, which can assist healthcare providers in making an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Fortunately, there are various treatment options available for individuals with PMDD. Treatment approaches may include:

• Lifestyle modifications: Regular exercise, stress reduction techniques, and a healthy diet can help alleviate symptoms.


• Medications: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine or sertraline, are commonly prescribed to manage PMDD symptoms.


• Hormonal therapies: Some individuals may benefit from hormonal interventions, such as oral contraceptives or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists.


• Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of therapy can help individuals develop coping strategies and manage emotional symptoms.

If you suspect you may have PMDD, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options. Remember, PMDD is a treatable condition, and seeking help can significantly improve your quality of life.