Which are the causes of Secondary Haemochromatosis?

Secondary haemochromatosis is a condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body, primarily due to an underlying cause or condition. Unlike primary haemochromatosis, which is hereditary, secondary haemochromatosis is acquired and can develop at any age. This condition occurs when the body absorbs and stores more iron than it needs, leading to iron overload in various organs and tissues.

There are several causes of secondary haemochromatosis:

1. Chronic liver diseases: Liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis can lead to secondary haemochromatosis. These conditions disrupt the normal iron metabolism in the liver, causing iron to accumulate.



2. Excessive iron intake: Consuming high amounts of iron through diet or supplements can overload the body's iron stores. This can occur in individuals who take excessive iron supplements or receive frequent blood transfusions.



3. Anemias: Certain types of anemia, such as thalassemia and sideroblastic anemia, can result in secondary haemochromatosis. These conditions cause ineffective red blood cell production, leading to increased iron absorption by the body.



4. Repeated blood transfusions: Individuals who require frequent blood transfusions, such as those with certain blood disorders or chronic conditions, can develop secondary haemochromatosis. Each transfusion introduces additional iron into the body, which can accumulate over time.



5. Iron-loading anemias: Rare genetic disorders like hereditary spherocytosis and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia can cause iron overload. These conditions affect the red blood cells, leading to increased iron absorption and subsequent haemochromatosis.



6. Excessive iron absorption: Certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastric bypass surgery, can disrupt the normal iron absorption process. This can result in secondary haemochromatosis as the body absorbs more iron than it requires.



7. Chronic kidney disease: Individuals with chronic kidney disease often experience altered iron metabolism, leading to iron overload. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating iron levels, and their dysfunction can contribute to secondary haemochromatosis.



8. Other rare causes: There are several other rare causes of secondary haemochromatosis, including certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis, HIV), hemolytic anemias, and certain endocrine disorders.

It is important to note that secondary haemochromatosis can have serious health consequences if left untreated. The excess iron can accumulate in organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, and joints, leading to organ damage and dysfunction. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate management of the underlying cause are crucial in preventing complications associated with secondary haemochromatosis.