Which are the symptoms of Spina bifida?

Symptoms of Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a congenital condition that affects the development of the spinal cord and the surrounding structures. It occurs when the neural tube, which forms the baby's brain, spinal cord, and spinal column, does not close properly during early pregnancy. The severity of spina bifida can vary widely, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe.

1. Myelomeningocele: This is the most severe form of spina bifida, where the spinal cord and its protective covering (meninges) protrude through an opening in the spine. This can cause paralysis, muscle weakness, and loss of sensation below the level of the spinal defect.

2. Meningocele: In this form, the meninges protrude through the opening in the spine, but the spinal cord remains in its proper place. Meningoceles typically cause fewer neurological problems compared to myelomeningoceles.

3. Occulta: This is the mildest form of spina bifida, where the spinal defect is hidden beneath the skin. It often goes unnoticed as it may not cause any visible signs or symptoms. However, some individuals with spina bifida occulta may experience back pain or have a small birthmark or dimple on their back.

4. Hydrocephalus: Many individuals with spina bifida also develop hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head, vomiting, nausea, irritability, and changes in vision.

5. Bladder and bowel problems: Spina bifida can affect the nerves that control the bladder and bowel, leading to difficulties in urinary and fecal continence. This can result in urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence, constipation, and bowel incontinence.

6. Orthopedic issues: Individuals with spina bifida may experience orthopedic problems such as clubfoot, hip dislocation, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), and joint contractures. These issues can affect mobility and may require orthopedic interventions.

7. Neurological complications: Depending on the severity and location of the spinal defect, spina bifida can cause a range of neurological complications. These may include muscle weakness, paralysis, sensory deficits, difficulty walking, and problems with coordination and balance.

8. Cognitive and learning difficulties: Some individuals with spina bifida may experience cognitive and learning difficulties, although the extent can vary. These challenges may affect academic performance, attention span, problem-solving skills, and social interactions.

9. Latex allergy: People with spina bifida are at an increased risk of developing an allergy to latex, a type of rubber commonly found in medical gloves and other products. Latex allergy can cause skin reactions, respiratory problems, and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis.

It is important to note that not all individuals with spina bifida will experience all of these symptoms. The severity and combination of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. Early diagnosis, appropriate medical care, and ongoing support can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with spina bifida.