Tarlov cyst, also known as perineural cyst or sacral nerve root cyst, is a rare condition that involves the formation of fluid-filled sacs on the nerve roots of the spine. These cysts are typically found in the sacral region of the spine, which is the lower back area.
The history of Tarlov cyst dates back to the early 20th century when they were first discovered by Dr. Isadore Tarlov, a neurologist and pathologist. In 1938, Dr. Tarlov published a study describing these cysts and their association with nerve root compression and related symptoms.
Initially, Tarlov cysts were thought to be congenital in nature, meaning they were present at birth. However, further research has shown that they can also develop later in life due to trauma, degenerative changes in the spine, or increased pressure within the spinal canal.
The exact cause of Tarlov cysts is still not fully understood. Some theories suggest that they may result from a weakness in the connective tissue surrounding the nerve roots, allowing the cysts to form. Others propose that they may be related to abnormalities in the lymphatic system or increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Tarlov cysts are typically asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms in most cases. However, when symptoms do occur, they can vary widely depending on the size and location of the cysts. Common symptoms include:
Diagnosing Tarlov cysts can be challenging as they are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests performed for other reasons. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most effective tool for visualizing these cysts and determining their size and location.
Treatment options for Tarlov cysts are limited and primarily focused on managing symptoms. Conservative approaches such as pain medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications are often recommended as the first line of treatment. In some cases, minimally invasive procedures such as cyst aspiration or surgical removal may be considered if symptoms are severe and significantly impacting the patient's quality of life.
Despite ongoing research, there is still much to learn about Tarlov cysts. The rarity of the condition and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines contribute to the challenges in understanding and managing this condition effectively.