Which are the causes of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction?

Causes of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ)

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ) refers to a group of disorders that affect the temporomandibular joint, which connects the jawbone to the skull. TMJ disorders can cause pain and discomfort in the jaw joint and the surrounding muscles. While the exact cause of TMJ is often difficult to determine, there are several factors that can contribute to its development. Understanding these causes can help individuals manage and prevent TMJ dysfunction.

1. Jaw Trauma

Jaw trauma is one of the leading causes of TMJ dysfunction. Any injury to the jaw joint, such as a direct blow or impact, can disrupt the normal functioning of the joint and lead to TMJ problems. Accidents, falls, sports injuries, or even dental procedures can cause trauma to the jaw joint, resulting in TMJ dysfunction.

2. Teeth Grinding and Clenching

Bruxism, which refers to teeth grinding and clenching, is another common cause of TMJ dysfunction. People who grind or clench their teeth excessively put excessive pressure on the jaw joint, leading to inflammation and irritation. Bruxism is often associated with stress, anxiety, or sleep disorders. Over time, the repetitive motion of grinding and clenching can damage the temporomandibular joint and contribute to TMJ dysfunction.

3. Malocclusion

Malocclusion, or misalignment of the teeth and jaws, is a significant contributing factor to TMJ dysfunction. When the upper and lower teeth do not fit together properly, it can put strain on the jaw joint and surrounding muscles. Malocclusion can be caused by various factors, including genetics, improper dental work, or habits like thumb sucking. The misalignment of the teeth can lead to an imbalance in the jaw joint, resulting in TMJ dysfunction.

4. Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition characterized by inflammation and stiffness in the joints. TMJ arthritis can occur due to various forms of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis can damage the cartilage within the temporomandibular joint, leading to pain, swelling, and restricted jaw movement. Individuals with arthritis are more prone to developing TMJ dysfunction.

5. Stress and Anxiety

Stress and anxiety can contribute to TMJ dysfunction by causing individuals to clench their jaw or grind their teeth. When stressed, many people unknowingly tighten their jaw muscles, leading to increased pressure on the temporomandibular joint. Chronic stress can exacerbate TMJ symptoms and make the condition more difficult to manage.

6. Poor Posture

Poor posture can have a significant impact on the jaw joint. Slouching or holding the head in an unnatural position can strain the muscles and ligaments surrounding the temporomandibular joint. Over time, this can lead to TMJ dysfunction. Maintaining good posture and avoiding prolonged positions that strain the jaw joint can help prevent TMJ problems.

7. Hormonal Factors

Hormonal factors can also contribute to TMJ dysfunction, particularly in women. Fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy can lead to increased joint laxity and inflammation. These hormonal changes can make the jaw joint more susceptible to injury and TMJ symptoms.

8. Other Contributing Factors

There are several other factors that may contribute to the development of TMJ dysfunction, including:

• Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to TMJ problems.


• Chewing habits: Excessive gum chewing or consistently favoring one side while chewing can strain the jaw joint.


• Malnutrition: Poor nutrition can weaken the muscles and joints, making them more susceptible to TMJ dysfunction.


• Joint hypermobility: Individuals with hypermobile joints may be more prone to TMJ problems.


• Autoimmune diseases: Certain autoimmune conditions can cause inflammation in the joints, including the temporomandibular joint.

It is important to note that TMJ dysfunction can have multiple causes, and often, it is a combination of factors that contribute to its development. Identifying the underlying causes of TMJ dysfunction is crucial for effective treatment and management. If you are experiencing symptoms of TMJ dysfunction, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a dentist specializing in TMJ disorders for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.