How is Trachoma diagnosed?

Trachoma is a highly contagious eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of the disease and its devastating consequences.

Diagnosing trachoma involves a combination of clinical examination and laboratory testing. Healthcare professionals, such as ophthalmologists or trained eye care workers, play a vital role in identifying and managing trachoma cases.

Clinical examination: The first step in diagnosing trachoma is a thorough examination of the eyes and surrounding tissues. The healthcare provider will assess the presence and severity of specific signs and symptoms associated with trachoma. These include:

• Follicles: Small bumps on the inner surface of the upper eyelid, caused by an immune response to the infection.


• Trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF): Inflammation of the conjunctiva (the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye), characterized by the presence of five or more follicles in the upper tarsal conjunctiva.


• Trachomatous inflammation – intense (TI): Severe inflammation of the conjunctiva, with pronounced redness and thickening.


• Trachomatous scarring (TS): Formation of scar tissue in the conjunctiva due to repeated trachoma infections.


• Trichiasis: Inward turning of the eyelashes, causing them to rub against the cornea and potentially leading to corneal damage.

Laboratory testing: In addition to the clinical examination, laboratory tests may be performed to confirm the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis. These tests include:

• Swabbing: A sterile swab is used to collect a sample from the conjunctiva. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis to detect the presence of the bacteria.


• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This molecular technique amplifies the genetic material of the bacteria, allowing for its detection and identification.

Importance of early diagnosis: Early diagnosis of trachoma is crucial to prevent the spread of the infection and the development of severe complications. It enables timely treatment with antibiotics, such as azithromycin or tetracycline, which can effectively eliminate the bacteria and halt the progression of the disease.

Prevention and control: Diagnosing trachoma is not only important for individual patients but also for public health efforts. Identifying and treating cases helps in preventing the transmission of the infection within communities and reducing the overall burden of trachoma.