Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord, which can lead to various symptoms such as weakness, sensory disturbances, and loss of bladder or bowel control. While the exact cause of TM is often unknown, there are several potential factors that have been associated with its development.
Infections: In many cases, TM is triggered by an infection. Viral infections, including herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and Epstein-Barr virus, have been linked to the development of TM. Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and syphilis can also contribute to the onset of TM. These infections can lead to an abnormal immune response, causing inflammation in the spinal cord.
Autoimmune disorders: TM is considered an autoimmune disorder, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body. Conditions like multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with an increased risk of developing TM. In these cases, the immune system targets the spinal cord, leading to inflammation and damage.
Vaccinations: Although extremely rare, certain vaccinations have been linked to the development of TM. Vaccines against diseases like influenza, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) have been reported to trigger TM in some individuals. It's important to note that the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the potential risks, and the occurrence of TM after vaccination is extremely uncommon.
Spinal cord injuries: Trauma or injury to the spinal cord can sometimes result in TM. This can occur due to accidents, falls, or other physical trauma that directly affects the spinal cord. The inflammation caused by the injury can lead to the development of TM symptoms.
Other causes: In some cases, TM may be associated with other medical conditions or factors. These can include vascular disorders, such as blood vessel inflammation or clotting, which can disrupt the blood supply to the spinal cord. Certain cancers, such as lymphoma or leukemia, have also been linked to TM. Additionally, exposure to certain toxins or chemicals may contribute to the development of TM, although these cases are rare.
It's important to note that while these factors have been associated with TM, the exact cause can vary from person to person. In many cases, the cause remains unknown, and TM is considered idiopathic. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and potential triggers of this condition.