Which are the causes of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

Causes of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for transmitting sensations from the face to the brain. This condition is characterized by sudden, severe facial pain that can be triggered by even mild stimuli such as eating, talking, or touching the face. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always clear, there are several factors that are believed to contribute to its development.

1. Compression of the Trigeminal Nerve

One of the primary causes of trigeminal neuralgia is the compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel. In some cases, an artery or a vein may come into contact with the trigeminal nerve, causing irritation and inflammation. This compression can lead to the development of trigeminal neuralgia symptoms. The exact reason why this compression occurs is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the anatomy of the blood vessels and the trigeminal nerve.

2. Multiple Sclerosis

Another significant cause of trigeminal neuralgia is multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the trigeminal nerve. In individuals with MS, the protective covering of the nerve fibers, called myelin, becomes damaged. This can disrupt the normal functioning of the trigeminal nerve and lead to the development of trigeminal neuralgia symptoms. It is estimated that around 2-4% of individuals with MS also experience trigeminal neuralgia.

3. Nerve Damage

Nerve damage or irritation can also be a contributing factor to trigeminal neuralgia. This can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma to the face, dental procedures, or infections. When the trigeminal nerve is damaged or irritated, it can become hypersensitive, leading to the characteristic facial pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.

4. Tumors or Lesions

In some cases, tumors or lesions in the brain or skull base can cause trigeminal neuralgia. These growths can put pressure on the trigeminal nerve, leading to the development of symptoms. Tumors or lesions that commonly cause trigeminal neuralgia include meningiomas, acoustic neuromas, and epidermoid cysts. However, it is important to note that these cases are relatively rare.

5. Genetic Predisposition

There is evidence to suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition to developing trigeminal neuralgia. Some studies have shown that certain genetic variations may increase the risk of developing this condition. However, more research is needed to fully understand the genetic factors involved in trigeminal neuralgia.

6. Other Factors

While less common, there are other factors that may contribute to the development of trigeminal neuralgia. These include:

• Facial trauma or injury


• Systemic diseases such as diabetes


• Postherpetic neuralgia (nerve pain following a shingles outbreak)


• Idiopathic causes (unknown origin)

It is important to note that in many cases, the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia remains unknown. The condition can occur spontaneously without any identifiable cause, making it challenging to determine the underlying factors contributing to its development.

If you suspect you may have trigeminal neuralgia or are experiencing facial pain, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.