Which are the causes of Tularemia?

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. This bacterium is highly infectious and can be transmitted to humans through various routes. Understanding the causes of tularemia is crucial in preventing its spread and managing the disease effectively.

1. Bites from infected insects or ticks: One of the primary causes of tularemia is the bite of infected insects or ticks. These include deer flies, ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas. When these vectors bite an infected animal, they can acquire the bacteria and subsequently transmit it to humans. Outdoor activities in areas where these vectors are prevalent increase the risk of exposure.

2. Handling infected animals: Direct contact with infected animals is another common cause of tularemia. Animals such as rabbits, hares, rodents, and even domestic pets like cats and dogs can carry the bacteria. Handling or skinning infected animals, especially if they are sick or dead, can lead to transmission of the bacteria through cuts or abrasions on the skin.

3. Ingestion of contaminated water or food: Consuming contaminated water or food is a less common but possible cause of tularemia. Drinking untreated water from contaminated sources or consuming undercooked meat from infected animals can introduce the bacteria into the digestive system, leading to infection.

4. Inhalation of contaminated aerosols: Inhalation of aerosolized bacteria is a significant cause of tularemia, particularly in certain occupational settings. Activities such as mowing grass, landscaping, or working with soil can aerosolize the bacteria, allowing it to be inhaled and cause respiratory infection.

5. Laboratory exposure: Although rare, laboratory workers who handle cultures or specimens containing Francisella tularensis are at risk of acquiring tularemia through accidental exposure. Strict safety protocols and precautions are in place to minimize the risk of laboratory-acquired infections.

Tularemia is not known to spread from person to person, except in rare cases of direct contact with infected bodily fluids or tissues. The severity of tularemia can vary depending on the route of transmission and the individual's overall health. It can present as a mild illness or progress to severe forms, including pneumonia or systemic infection.

Preventing tularemia: To prevent tularemia, it is important to take certain precautions. These include:

• Avoiding areas with high insect or tick populations, especially during peak seasons.


• Using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing when outdoors.


• Practicing proper hygiene, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling animals or being in outdoor environments.


• Drinking treated water and ensuring food is properly cooked.


• Following safety protocols in laboratories when handling potentially infectious materials.

If you suspect you have been exposed to tularemia or develop symptoms such as fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or respiratory problems, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with antibiotics can effectively manage tularemia and prevent complications.