Which are the causes of Vernal Keratonconjunctivitis?

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic allergic eye disease that primarily affects children and young adults. It is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. VKC is a complex condition with multiple causes, and its exact etiology is not fully understood. However, several factors have been identified as potential contributors to the development of VKC.

Allergens: Allergens play a significant role in triggering VKC. The condition is commonly associated with an allergic reaction to various environmental factors, such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and certain types of mold. These allergens can stimulate an immune response in susceptible individuals, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators and the subsequent development of VKC symptoms.

Genetic Predisposition: Genetic factors are believed to play a role in the development of VKC. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis, are more likely to develop VKC. Certain genetic variations may influence the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to allergic conditions like VKC.

Immunological Factors: VKC is characterized by an abnormal immune response in the conjunctiva. The immune system of individuals with VKC reacts excessively to allergens, leading to chronic inflammation. This abnormal immune response involves various immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophils, and T-lymphocytes. The release of inflammatory substances by these cells contributes to the symptoms of VKC.

Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as climate and air pollution, may also influence the development and severity of VKC. It has been observed that VKC is more prevalent in warm climates and during certain seasons, particularly spring and summer when allergens are abundant. Additionally, exposure to air pollutants, such as cigarette smoke or industrial pollutants, may exacerbate the symptoms of VKC.

Hormonal Factors: Hormonal changes have been suggested to play a role in VKC. The condition often improves during puberty and may recur during adulthood. It has been hypothesized that hormonal fluctuations during puberty may influence the immune response and contribute to the remission of VKC symptoms. However, further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between hormones and VKC.

In conclusion, Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is a complex allergic eye disease with multiple contributing factors. Allergens, genetic predisposition, immunological factors, environmental factors, and hormonal changes are all believed to play a role in the development and progression of VKC. Understanding these causes is crucial for effective management and treatment of this condition.