Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare but serious condition that affects the adrenal glands. These small glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce essential hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, which are crucial for regulating various bodily functions.
Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of these hormones, leading to a hormonal imbalance in the body. This can result from autoimmune disorders, infections, cancer, or certain medications. The most common cause is an autoimmune reaction where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the adrenal glands.
Common symptoms of Addison's disease include fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and salt cravings. If left untreated, it can lead to a life-threatening adrenal crisis.
Diagnosis of Addison's disease involves blood tests to measure hormone levels, imaging tests to assess the adrenal glands, and sometimes stimulation tests to evaluate their function. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy, where patients take medications to replace the deficient hormones.
It is important for individuals with Addison's disease to closely monitor their hormone levels, manage stress, and carry an emergency injection of cortisol to prevent adrenal crises. With proper medical care and adherence to treatment, most people with Addison's disease can lead normal and fulfilling lives.