Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the brain. It was first identified in 2007 and has gained recognition in recent years. This condition occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the NMDA receptors in the brain, leading to inflammation and dysfunction.
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis primarily affects young individuals, especially women. It often starts with flu-like symptoms, followed by psychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia, and mood changes. As the disease progresses, neurological symptoms like seizures, movement disorders, and speech difficulties may develop.
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Doctors typically perform a combination of physical examinations, blood tests, brain imaging, and spinal fluid analysis to confirm the presence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. Treatment involves a multi-disciplinary approach, including immunotherapy, such as corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, as well as tumor removal if associated with an underlying tumor.
Recovery from anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can be slow and may require long-term rehabilitation. However, with early detection and appropriate treatment, many patients can achieve significant improvement and regain their normal brain function.