Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare vascular disorder that primarily affects the walls of medium-sized arteries in the body. It is characterized by abnormal cell growth within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue and narrowing of the arteries. FMD commonly affects the renal arteries (supplying blood to the kidneys), but can also involve other arteries such as those in the carotid arteries (supplying blood to the brain) and the mesenteric arteries (supplying blood to the intestines).
FMD can cause various symptoms depending on the affected arteries, including high blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, pulsatile tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and abdominal pain. In severe cases, FMD can lead to complications such as aneurysms (weakened artery walls) or dissections (tears in the artery walls).
The exact cause of FMD is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It predominantly affects women, typically between the ages of 20 and 60. Diagnosis of FMD involves imaging tests such as angiography or ultrasound, and treatment options vary depending on the severity and location of the disease.