Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children under the age of 5. It is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, low platelet count, and acute kidney failure. HUS is most commonly caused by infection with certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, particularly the strain known as E. coli O157:H7.
1. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: The onset of HUS is often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms, typically appearing 2-8 days after exposure to the bacteria. These symptoms may include severe abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea, which is often bloody. Vomiting and nausea may also be present. It is important to note that not all individuals infected with E. coli O157:H7 will develop HUS.
2. Hemolytic Anemia: One of the hallmark features of HUS is the destruction of red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia. This can result in fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The breakdown of red blood cells also releases hemoglobin, which can cause the urine to appear dark or bloody.
3. Thrombocytopenia: HUS is also characterized by low platelet count, a condition known as thrombocytopenia. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, so a decrease in their numbers can lead to easy bruising, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), and prolonged bleeding from minor injuries.
4. Acute Kidney Failure: The most severe complication of HUS is acute kidney failure, which occurs due to damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys. This can lead to decreased urine output, swelling (edema) in the legs, ankles, and face, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. In severe cases, it may progress to complete kidney failure, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.
5. Neurological Symptoms: In some cases, HUS can affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms. These may include irritability, seizures, confusion, and even coma. Neurological involvement is more common in younger children.
6. Other Manifestations: HUS can also cause other systemic complications, although less frequently. These may include pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), cardiac abnormalities, respiratory distress, and liver dysfunction.
7. Long-term Effects: While most individuals with HUS recover fully, some may experience long-term complications. These can include chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and neurological impairments. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor and manage any potential long-term effects.
If you or your child experience any of these symptoms, especially after a recent gastrointestinal illness, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. HUS is a medical emergency, and early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.