Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by the overactivity of the parathyroid glands, resulting in excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). These small glands, located in the neck, play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body.
There are several synonyms used to refer to hyperparathyroidism:
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism: This is the most common form of hyperparathyroidism, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. It occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become enlarged and produce excessive PTH.
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: This type of hyperparathyroidism develops as a compensatory response to another underlying condition, such as chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency. In these cases, the parathyroid glands increase PTH production to maintain calcium balance.
- Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: This condition typically arises in individuals with long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism. It occurs when the parathyroid glands become hyperactive and continue producing excessive PTH even after the underlying cause has been resolved.
- Hypercalcemic Hyperparathyroidism: This term is used to describe cases of hyperparathyroidism where elevated calcium levels in the blood are the primary concern. It encompasses both primary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
Hyperparathyroidism can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, including bone loss, kidney stones, fatigue, muscle weakness, and gastrointestinal disturbances. It is important to diagnose and manage hyperparathyroidism promptly to prevent long-term complications.
Treatment options for hyperparathyroidism depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, surgical removal of the affected parathyroid glands may be necessary. Medications, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring of calcium levels are also commonly employed to manage the condition.