IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger's disease, is a kidney disorder characterized by the accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. This condition is considered the most common form of glomerulonephritis worldwide.
Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, and in the case of IgA nephropathy, the immune system mistakenly produces excessive amounts of IgA antibodies that deposit in the glomeruli. Over time, these deposits can lead to inflammation and scarring, impairing the kidneys' ability to function properly.
Berger's disease is named after Dr. Jean Berger, a French physician who first described the condition in 1968. It primarily affects young adults and is more common in males than females. The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.
Signs and symptoms of IgA nephropathy can vary widely, ranging from microscopic amounts of blood in the urine (hematuria) that may go unnoticed, to recurrent episodes of visible blood in the urine during or after upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infections. Some individuals may also experience high blood pressure, swelling (edema) in the legs or face, and decreased kidney function.
Diagnosis of IgA nephropathy typically involves a combination of urine tests, blood tests, and a kidney biopsy. The presence of IgA deposits in the glomeruli is confirmed through the biopsy, which helps differentiate IgA nephropathy from other kidney diseases.
Treatment for IgA nephropathy aims to slow down the progression of kidney damage and manage symptoms. This may involve medications to control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and suppress the immune system. Lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy diet, managing weight, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, are also important in managing the condition.
Prognosis varies greatly among individuals with IgA nephropathy. Some individuals may experience only mild symptoms and stable kidney function, while others may progress to end-stage renal disease, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Regular monitoring and close follow-up with a nephrologist are crucial to managing the disease and optimizing long-term outcomes.