Minimal change disease (MCD) is a rare kidney disorder that primarily affects children but can also occur in adults. It is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, accounting for about 80% of cases. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the presence of proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine), hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), edema (swelling), and high cholesterol levels.
The exact prevalence of MCD is difficult to determine due to its sporadic nature and the lack of comprehensive population-based studies. However, estimates suggest that MCD affects approximately 1-3 per 100,000 children annually. It is more prevalent in boys than girls, with a male-to-female ratio of about 2:1. MCD can also occur in adults, although it is less common.
While MCD is considered a rare disease, it is important to note that prevalence rates may vary across different populations and regions. The exact cause of MCD is unknown, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response that leads to damage of the glomeruli (tiny blood vessels in the kidneys). MCD is typically responsive to treatment with corticosteroids, with most patients achieving complete remission. However, relapses can occur, requiring ongoing monitoring and management.