Minimal change disease, also known as lipoid nephrosis or nil disease, is a kidney disorder characterized by abnormal kidney function and the presence of nephrotic syndrome. It is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, but it can also affect adults.
In minimal change disease, the glomeruli in the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood, become abnormally permeable. This increased permeability allows large amounts of protein, particularly albumin, to leak into the urine. As a result, individuals with minimal change disease often experience proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine.
The exact cause of minimal change disease is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response. It is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or an allergic reaction. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or malignancies.
Signs and symptoms of minimal change disease include edema (swelling), particularly in the legs and around the eyes, due to fluid retention. This edema is often more noticeable in the morning and may worsen throughout the day. Other symptoms may include fatigue, loss of appetite, and weight gain.
Diagnosis of minimal change disease involves a combination of urine tests to detect proteinuria and blood tests to assess kidney function. A kidney biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other kidney diseases.
Treatment for minimal change disease typically involves the use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, to suppress the abnormal immune response and reduce proteinuria. Most individuals with minimal change disease respond well to corticosteroid therapy and experience a complete remission of symptoms. However, some cases may be resistant to treatment or experience frequent relapses.
In conclusion, minimal change disease, also known as lipoid nephrosis or nil disease, is a kidney disorder characterized by abnormal kidney function and the presence of nephrotic syndrome. It is commonly seen in children and is associated with increased permeability of the glomeruli, leading to proteinuria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids can often lead to a favorable outcome for individuals with minimal change disease.