Parkinson's disease, also known as PD, is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and impaired balance. The condition is named after James Parkinson, the British physician who first described it in 1817.
PD is often referred to as a movement disorder due to its impact on motor functions. The tremors associated with the disease are involuntary shaking movements that commonly occur in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face. These tremors can range from mild to severe and can significantly affect a person's ability to perform daily activities.
In addition to tremors, individuals with Parkinson's may experience muscle stiffness, also known as rigidity. This stiffness can make it difficult to initiate and control movements, resulting in a reduced range of motion. It can also lead to muscle pain and discomfort.
Another hallmark symptom of Parkinson's is bradykinesia, which refers to slowness of movement. This can manifest as a general slowing down of physical actions, making simple tasks time-consuming and challenging. Walking may become slow and shuffling, and facial expressions may appear less animated.
Balance and coordination problems are common in individuals with Parkinson's. They may experience difficulties with posture, leading to a stooped or hunched appearance. Falls are also more prevalent due to impaired balance and coordination.
While Parkinson's disease primarily affects motor functions, it can also give rise to non-motor symptoms. These may include cognitive changes, such as difficulties with memory and concentration, as well as mood disorders like depression and anxiety.
It is important to note that Parkinson's is a chronic and progressive condition, meaning that symptoms worsen over time. However, the rate of progression can vary significantly among individuals, and treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.