Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a condition characterized by the weakening or collapse of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (airways). This can lead to a variety of symptoms that can vary in severity depending on the individual. TBM can affect people of all ages, from infants to adults, and can be present at birth or develop later in life.
Coughing: One of the most common symptoms of TBM is a chronic cough. This cough may be dry or productive and can be persistent, worsening at night or during physical activity. The cough is often described as a barking or honking sound.
Wheezing: Wheezing is another common symptom of TBM. It is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs when air flows through narrowed or partially blocked airways. Wheezing may be more noticeable during exhalation.
Shortness of breath: TBM can cause difficulty breathing, leading to a sensation of breathlessness or shortness of breath. This symptom may be more pronounced during physical exertion or when lying flat.
Noisy breathing: Due to the collapse or narrowing of the airways, individuals with TBM may experience noisy breathing. This can manifest as stridor, a high-pitched sound heard during inhalation, or as other abnormal breathing sounds.
Recurrent respiratory infections: TBM can make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia. The weakened airways are more prone to inflammation and infection, leading to recurrent episodes of respiratory illness.
Difficulty swallowing: In some cases, TBM can affect the swallowing mechanism. This can result in dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, which may cause choking or coughing while eating or drinking.
Failure to thrive (in infants): Infants with TBM may experience poor weight gain and growth due to the increased effort required for breathing and feeding. They may also exhibit feeding difficulties and fatigue easily during feeding.
Reflux symptoms: TBM can be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Reflux symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain may be present in individuals with TBM.
Exercise intolerance: Due to the compromised airways, individuals with TBM may have difficulty tolerating physical activity. They may experience rapid breathing, fatigue, and reduced exercise capacity.
Struggling to clear mucus: TBM can impair the ability to clear mucus from the airways, leading to increased mucus production and a persistent cough.
It is important to note that the severity and combination of symptoms can vary among individuals with TBM. Some individuals may experience mild symptoms that do not significantly impact their daily lives, while others may have more severe symptoms requiring medical intervention.