Which are the causes of Endometrial cancer?

Causes of Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is the most common type of cancer affecting the female reproductive system. While the exact cause of endometrial cancer is not fully understood, several factors have been identified that may increase the risk of developing this disease.

Hormonal Imbalance:

Hormonal imbalance is considered one of the primary causes of endometrial cancer. Estrogen, a female hormone, plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the endometrium. An excess of estrogen without sufficient levels of progesterone can lead to the overgrowth of the endometrium, increasing the risk of cancer. Conditions such as obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can disrupt the hormonal balance and contribute to the development of endometrial cancer.

Age:

Age is another significant risk factor for endometrial cancer. The majority of cases occur in women over the age of 50, with the average age of diagnosis being 60. As women age, their estrogen levels may rise due to factors such as menopause or obesity, increasing the likelihood of endometrial cancer development.

Obesity:

Obesity is strongly associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue, or fat cells, produce estrogen, and excess fat cells can lead to higher estrogen levels in the body. This hormonal imbalance can promote the growth of the endometrium and potentially lead to cancerous changes. Maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.

Family History and Genetic Factors:

A family history of endometrial cancer or certain genetic conditions can predispose individuals to develop this disease. Inherited gene mutations, such as Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), can increase the risk of both colorectal and endometrial cancers. Genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of endometrial cancer to assess their risk and take appropriate preventive measures.

Reproductive Factors:

Various reproductive factors can influence the risk of endometrial cancer. Women who have never been pregnant or have had their first pregnancy after the age of 35 are at a higher risk. Prolonged exposure to estrogen without the protective effect of progesterone during pregnancy can contribute to the development of endometrial cancer. Additionally, early onset of menstruation (before age 12) and late onset of menopause (after age 55) can increase the risk.

Other Factors:

Other factors that may contribute to the development of endometrial cancer include diabetes, high blood pressure, endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal thickening of the endometrium), and previous radiation therapy to the pelvic area. These conditions and treatments can disrupt the hormonal balance or cause damage to the endometrial cells, increasing the risk of cancer.

It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee the development of endometrial cancer. Many women with these risk factors never develop the disease, while others without any known risk factors may still be diagnosed. Regular check-ups, early detection, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk and improve outcomes for individuals at risk of endometrial cancer.