Which are the causes of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory illness caused by infection with hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their urine, droppings, or saliva. The most common hantavirus in North America that causes HPS is the Sin Nombre virus, which is carried by deer mice.

1. Rodent Infestation: The primary cause of HPS is the presence of infected rodents in and around human dwellings. Rodents, especially deer mice, shed the virus in their urine, droppings, and saliva. When these materials are disturbed, tiny particles containing the virus become airborne and can be inhaled by humans.

2. Inhalation of Virus: The inhalation of hantavirus-infected particles is the main route of transmission to humans. This can occur when people come into contact with contaminated areas, such as sheds, barns, or cabins, where rodents have been present. Dust particles carrying the virus can remain suspended in the air for a short period, making it possible for individuals to breathe them in.

3. Direct Contact: Although rare, direct contact with infected rodents or their bodily fluids can also lead to HPS. This can happen when individuals handle live or dead infected rodents, or when they are bitten by infected rodents.

4. Person-to-Person Transmission: Unlike some other respiratory illnesses, HPS is not known to be transmitted from person to person. It is primarily an infection associated with rodents and their excreta.

5. Seasonal Factors: HPS cases tend to occur more frequently in the spring and summer months when rodents are more active and people are more likely to engage in outdoor activities. Increased exposure to rodent habitats during these seasons can heighten the risk of infection.

6. Geographical Distribution: The prevalence of HPS is influenced by geographical factors. Certain regions, such as the southwestern United States, have a higher incidence of hantavirus infections due to the presence of specific rodent species that carry the virus.

7. Lack of Awareness: Lack of awareness about hantavirus and its transmission can contribute to the risk of infection. People who are unaware of the potential dangers associated with rodent infestations may not take appropriate precautions to prevent exposure.

It is important to note that while hantavirus infections are rare, they can be severe and even fatal. Taking preventive measures such as rodent-proofing homes, avoiding direct contact with rodents, and cleaning up rodent-infested areas can significantly reduce the risk of HPS.