How is Ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs. It is the fifth most common cancer among women and often goes undetected until it has reached an advanced stage. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment, making regular screenings and awareness of symptoms essential.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer can present with various symptoms, although they can be non-specific and easily mistaken for other conditions. Some of the common symptoms include:

• Abdominal bloating or swelling: Persistent bloating or feeling of fullness in the abdomen.


• Pelvic discomfort: Pain or pressure in the pelvic area.


• Changes in bowel habits: Frequent constipation or diarrhea.


• Urinary symptoms: Increased urgency to urinate or frequent urination.


• Loss of appetite or feeling full quickly: Unexplained weight loss or lack of interest in eating.


• Unexplained fatigue: Feeling excessively tired without a clear cause.


• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Irregular or post-menopausal bleeding.

Diagnostic Tests for Ovarian Cancer

If ovarian cancer is suspected based on symptoms or other factors, several diagnostic tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. These tests include:

1. Pelvic Examination:

A pelvic examination is often the first step in diagnosing ovarian cancer. During this examination, a healthcare provider will manually examine the ovaries, uterus, and surrounding organs for any abnormalities or signs of cancer.

2. Imaging Tests:

Ultrasound: An ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries and surrounding structures. It can help identify the presence of tumors or cysts.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan combines multiple X-ray images to create detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis. It can provide a more comprehensive view of the ovaries and detect any abnormalities.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to generate detailed images of the ovaries and nearby tissues. It can help determine the extent of the cancer and if it has spread to other areas.

3. Blood Tests:

CA-125: CA-125 is a protein that is often elevated in the blood of women with ovarian cancer. A blood test measuring CA-125 levels can be used as a tumor marker, although it is not specific to ovarian cancer and can be elevated in other conditions.

4. Biopsy:

A biopsy is the definitive diagnostic test for ovarian cancer. It involves the removal of a small tissue sample from the ovary or a suspicious area for examination under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies, including:

• Needle Biopsy: A thin needle is inserted into the ovary to extract a tissue sample.


• Surgical Biopsy: A surgical procedure is performed to remove a larger tissue sample for analysis.

5. Exploratory Laparotomy:

In some cases, if other tests are inconclusive or if the cancer is suspected to be advanced, an exploratory laparotomy may be performed. This surgical procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize the ovaries and surrounding organs, and if necessary, take biopsies or remove tumors.

Conclusion

Diagnosing ovarian cancer involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests, blood tests, and biopsies. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent symptoms or have concerns about ovarian cancer. Early detection and timely treatment significantly improve the chances of successful outcomes.