Which are the symptoms of Polyarteritis Nodosa?

Symptoms of Polyarteritis Nodosa

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the medium-sized arteries in the body. It primarily affects the arteries supplying blood to the muscles, joints, intestines, kidneys, and nerves. PAN can lead to serious complications if left untreated, so recognizing its symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and management.

1. General Symptoms: PAN can cause a range of general symptoms that may initially be vague and non-specific. These can include fatigue, fever, weight loss, and loss of appetite. These symptoms may come and go, making it difficult to attribute them to a specific cause.

2. Skin Symptoms: Skin manifestations are common in PAN and can vary widely. Some individuals may develop painful nodules or lumps under the skin, known as subcutaneous nodules. These nodules are typically found on the lower extremities and may be tender to touch. Other skin symptoms may include livedo reticularis, which is a mottled, purplish discoloration of the skin, and skin ulcers.

3. Musculoskeletal Symptoms: PAN can affect the muscles and joints, leading to musculoskeletal symptoms. Joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the larger joints such as the knees and ankles, are common. Muscle pain, weakness, and tenderness may also be present. These symptoms can mimic other rheumatic conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

4. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: PAN can affect the blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract, leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms. Abdominal pain, often described as crampy and severe, is a hallmark symptom. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In severe cases, bowel perforation or infarction can occur, which requires immediate medical attention.

5. Renal Symptoms: PAN can cause inflammation of the blood vessels supplying the kidneys, resulting in renal symptoms. These may include high blood pressure, blood in the urine (hematuria), proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine), and impaired kidney function. If left untreated, PAN-related kidney damage can progress to kidney failure.

6. Neurological Symptoms: In some cases, PAN can affect the nerves, leading to neurological symptoms. These may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of sensation in the limbs. Peripheral neuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex (involving damage to multiple nerves), and stroke-like symptoms can also occur.

7. Cardiac Symptoms: Although less common, PAN can affect the blood vessels supplying the heart, leading to cardiac symptoms. These may include chest pain, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, and signs of heart failure.

8. Other Symptoms: PAN can also involve other organs, leading to additional symptoms. These may include testicular pain or swelling, eye inflammation, and symptoms related to blood vessel involvement in the lungs.

If you experience any of these symptoms or have concerns about your health, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment of PAN can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.