Which are the causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness. While the exact cause of RA is still unknown, researchers believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors contribute to its development.

Genetic Factors

Genetics play a significant role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of RA are more likely to develop the disease. Certain genes, such as the HLA-DRB1 gene, have been identified as potential risk factors for RA. However, having these genes does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, suggesting that other factors are involved.

Environmental Triggers

Various environmental triggers have been associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. These triggers can include infections, such as viral or bacterial infections, which may activate the immune system and lead to an autoimmune response. Smoking has also been identified as a significant environmental risk factor for RA. Research has shown that smokers have a higher risk of developing the disease and experiencing more severe symptoms compared to non-smokers.

Hormonal Factors

Hormonal factors are believed to contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis, as the disease is more common in women than in men. The female sex hormone estrogen may play a role in modulating the immune response, potentially influencing the development and progression of RA. Additionally, hormonal changes during pregnancy and menopause can affect the severity of symptoms in women with RA.

Immune System Dysfunction

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by an abnormal immune system response. In individuals with RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, particularly the synovium, a thin membrane that lines the joints. This immune system dysfunction leads to chronic inflammation, joint damage, and the release of inflammatory substances, such as cytokines, which further contribute to the progression of the disease.

Other Factors

Several other factors may also contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis:

• Age: RA can occur at any age, but it most commonly begins between the ages of 40 and 60.


• Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of developing RA and worsen its symptoms.


• Stress: While stress does not directly cause RA, it can exacerbate symptoms and contribute to disease progression.


• Occupational Exposure: Certain occupations that involve repetitive joint movements or exposure to harmful substances may increase the risk of developing RA.

It is important to note that while these factors are associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis, they do not guarantee the onset of the disease. RA is a complex condition influenced by a combination of factors, and further research is needed to fully understand its causes.