Which are the causes of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare and devastating neurological disorder that primarily affects children and young adults. It is caused by a persistent infection of the brain with the measles virus, also known as the paramyxovirus. SSPE is a progressive disease that leads to the destruction of brain cells and ultimately results in severe disability or death.

The exact cause of SSPE is not fully understood, but it is believed to occur as a result of a complication of a previous measles infection. Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory system. In most cases, the body's immune system is able to clear the virus and provide lifelong immunity. However, in rare instances, the measles virus can persist in the brain for years after the initial infection.

Several factors may contribute to the development of SSPE:

1. Age: SSPE is more commonly seen in individuals who were infected with measles at a young age, typically before the age of two. The risk of developing SSPE decreases with increasing age at the time of measles infection.



2. Measles virus strain: Certain strains of the measles virus may have a higher propensity to cause SSPE. These strains may have specific genetic characteristics that allow them to evade the immune system and establish a persistent infection in the brain.



3. Immune system dysfunction: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or certain genetic disorders, may be more susceptible to developing SSPE. A compromised immune system may be less effective in clearing the measles virus from the brain, allowing it to persist and cause damage over time.



4. Genetic factors: There is evidence to suggest that certain genetic factors may increase the risk of developing SSPE. However, the specific genes involved and their exact role in the disease process are still being investigated.

It is important to note that SSPE is an extremely rare complication of measles infection. The vast majority of individuals who contract measles do not develop SSPE. Vaccination against measles is highly effective in preventing both measles infection and its potential complications, including SSPE.