What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a condition that occurs when there is compression or irritation of the nerves, blood vessels, or both, in the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet is the space between the collarbone (clavicle) and the first rib. This syndrome can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulder, arm, or hand.

TOS can be classified into three types: neurogenic, vascular, and nonspecific. Neurogenic TOS is the most common type and is caused by compression of the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that control the movement and sensation of the upper limb. Vascular TOS occurs when there is compression of the subclavian artery or vein, leading to symptoms such as coldness, discoloration, or swelling in the arm or hand. Nonspecific TOS refers to cases where the cause of compression is unclear.

Common causes of TOS include trauma, poor posture, repetitive arm movements, anatomical abnormalities, and muscle imbalances. Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes imaging tests. Treatment options may include physical therapy, pain management, medication, or in severe cases, surgery.

Early recognition and appropriate management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome are crucial to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.