The prevalence of Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) is difficult to determine precisely due to underreporting and misdiagnosis. However, it is estimated that during the outbreak in Spain in 1981, TOS affected around 20,000 people, resulting in over 1,000 deaths. TOS is a rare condition caused by the ingestion of adulterated rapeseed oil. It primarily affected individuals in Spain, with a few cases reported in other countries. The severity of TOS varies, with symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening. Early recognition and proper medical intervention are crucial for managing this condition.